The American Civil War Was A Death Filled Four Years

The American Civil War was a death filled four years. Many people died fighting for what they believed. The north, who won the war, got what they wanted; the south was able to keep their property with nearly no consequences for their actions. But one group of people who fought for both sides got nothing for their blood left on the battle field. Both the Union army and the Confederate army promised the Native Americans who fought for them many things such as land, freedom, and rights but did either side uphold these agreements with the Native American people? The Native American people fought hard, and died on both sides of the war to be let down by the American government yet again. The American Civil war began in 1861 between the north†¦show more content†¦These southern states known as the Confederate states of America believed in the state’s rights and were fighting for the state’s rights to support slavery. Indian removal is still imbedded into the Native American people at this time. There was still a lot of tension between Native’s that were pro-removal, and those who were against it. For the most part, the stance an Indian took on removal dictated where they stood on the Civil war. The pro-removal side of Indians sided with the Confederate army, and the Indians against removal such as Chief John Ross sided with the Union army. Many Indian tribes fought in the civil war consisting of the Delaware, Creek, Cherokee, Seminole, Kickapoo, Seneca, Osage, Shawnee, Choctaw, Lumbee, Chickasaw, Iroquois, Powhatan, Pequot, Ojibwa, Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, Catawba, and Pamunkey [City of Alexandria ].Only a few tribes fought on the side of the Confederates, which were the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, Catawba, and Creek. There was roughly twenty thousand Native American’s that fought in either the Union or Confederate army’s [City of Alexandria]. No matter what si de they were fighting for, Indians on both sides looked to gain the same thing out of adding their chosen side. By fighting with the whites, Natives were looking to end discrimination, end removal from their

The Successes and Failures of Mussolinis Domestic...

The Successes and Failures of Mussolinis Domestic Policies in Italy Between 1922 and 1939 Similar to those of Hitler, Mussolini’s main goals were to create an Italian state with a strong identity and role within Europe with a powerful military force. From the day he became Prime Minister on October 29th, 1922 of a coalition government, he lacked a certain skill in organization. It was not quite clear what exactly Mussolini wanted to do, and it seemed as though he made decissions with no previous planning, as opposed to Hitler and the Nazis who knew exactly what they were striving for. Nevertheless, Mussolini knew that he wanted to have full control over the Italian state and successfully did as†¦show more content†¦This allowed grain imports to steadily decrease. Mussolini claimed credit, and photographers were conveniently asked to document his successful campaign. At first appearance this campaign seems to have had a very positive effect on the Italian economy and to Mussolini’s domestic aims. However, there was a large side-effect to the whole scheme. Much of the land had now been turned over to produce grain – land that was very fit for this crop. The climate in Italy was more suited to grow other crops such as citrus fruits, olives, or wine grapes. Now that all this land had been used for the purpose of grain, there was a lot less land to grow the more efficient crops. This resulted in a reasonably strong decline in exports of traditional products. Although Mussolini was now happy that Italy was more or less closer to self-sufficiency, people now needed to pay more for bread as import taxes for grain rose. Although this ‘Battle for Grain’ campaign was somewhat successful, it also did quite some harm to the economy as a whole. Mussolini also expanded a project which was already started by local governments. This was to drain or irrigate farmland and to provide more land to the farmers. An area known as the ‘Pontine Marshes’ was completely drained and replaced with a largeShow MoreRelatedThe Distinct Characteristics of Fascism and Prominant Fascist Leaders2934 Words   |  12 Pagesreligious fundamentalism and multiculturalism. To paint a clearer picture, an ideology, as stated by McLellan (1995) is the most elusive concept in the whole of the social sciences. This is said to occur because all concepts of ideology recognises a link between theory and practice and also because it has not been able to stand apart from the on-going struggle amid and amongst political ideologies. In the Political Spectrum, fascism is often classified or referred to as far-right or extreme politicsRead MoreWhy Did the League of Nations Fail?14508 Words   |  59 Pagesargue that its failure has to be seen in the larger context of the failed disarmament processes of the interwar period. Why did the League of Nations ultimately fail to achieve widespread disarmament, its most fundamental goal? Maurice Vaà ¯sse (1993) has summarized the explanations in the following manner: 1) It failed because it was an imperfect instrument for achieving disarmament; 2) It failed because the League was not universal; 3) It failed because of the confrontation between Great BritainRead MorePaper Exam 2 History Ib9416 Words   |  38 Pagestwo different civil wars need to be clearly identified. The motives for intervention are not the focus, though some candidates may provide a background. Popular choices are likely to be China (1927–1949 or 1946–1949), Russia 1917/1918–1921/1922, Spain 1936–1939. Accept Korea 1950–1953 as an example of civil war, albeit within the Cold War context, and Vietnam (pre- and post-1954). â€Å"Contribution† could relate to financing, provision of military personnel/advisers, supply of weaponry etc. In some casesRea d MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescolonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time, without serious attention to the processes and misguided policies that led to decades of agrarian and industrial depression from the late 1860s to the 1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the

Ruther-Fraud B. Hayes Free Essays

â€Å"Hayes was never a solitary, a boy of moods,† wrote biographer H. J. Eckenrode. We will write a custom essay sample on Ruther-Fraud B. Hayes or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"He had no seasons of exaltation followed by depression†¦ All his life he liked society and shone in it in a modest way – not sparkling, not brilliant, but pleasing, satisfying. He had a gift of friendship and most of those he loved in youth he loved in age. † As a young man, however, Hayes went through a period of great inner tension, which he himself attributed to a fear that he would one day lose his mind, as some relatives, on both sides of his family, had done. Overcoming this fear, he matured into a relaxed, easy-going fellow, a good conversationalist, and a keen observer of human nature. He genuinely loved people and was interested in their thoughts and problems. When travelling by train, he invariably sat in the smoking car, eager to strike up a conversation. He had a remarkable memory for the names and faces of the most casual acquaintances. As a politician he respected the opposition and welcomed constructive criticism. Although not regarded as a great orator in his day, he delivered well-planned, reasoned, addresses in a clear, pleasant voice. the honor of success is increased by the obstacles which are to be surmounted. Let me triumph as a man or not at all. † – Rutherford B Hayes Honor, eh? Quite ironic considering that he â€Å"triumphed† in the presidential election by making a sleazy political deal and abandoning black Southerners to decades of oppression and discrimination, causing him to be known to history as â€Å"Ruther-Fraud B. Hayes. † Pros-He signed a law which made it easier for Chinese Immigrants to come into the country (this was repealed with the Exclusion Act). He tied the value of the dollar to gold instead of silver. He supported Reconstruction (After the Civil War). Cons-Great Railroad Strike greatly affected his presidency. Dealt with Conflicts with Native American Tribes. Election Results are disputed There is much more to him. If you are doing a project look more into him, and the United States in general in the late 1800’s. Hayes’ journal and his emphasis on self-improvement in the journal, along with his strong favor for black suffrage as a congressman in 1867 all lead me to believe that the answer is, â€Å"no†. He was not racist towards blacks Significant events: Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 113 (1876)[1], was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. The Munn v. Illinois case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States and ended some 45 days later after it was put down by local and state militias, as well as by federal troops. Hayes essentially sold out his ideals to the former Confederacy in order to gain the Presidency. He allowed the former Confederate states to return to governing themselves almost the same exact way they had been doing prior to the Civil War. This essentially set the Civil Rights movement back for almost a century, as many â€Å"Jim Crow† Laws were passed to ensure that blacks and other minorities could not rise to the same equality as whites, laws which were enforced in the Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Fergusson, which established the â€Å"separate but equal† mantra, and later overturned in the case of Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. During his presidency, Hayes signed a number of bills including one signed on February 15, 1879 which, for the first time, allowed female attorneys to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States How to cite Ruther-Fraud B. Hayes, Papers

Coexistence of Violence and Nonviolence †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Coexistence of Violence and Nonviolence. Answer: Introduction: At your work place, you have been asked to prepare a concise report to address colleagues of various religious backgrounds (namely Buddhists, Daoists, Hindus, Muslims and Christians). You are required, in your report, to give suggestions to believers of each religious group to apply religious teaching and practice in coping with problems at work and at home. Religion is an aspect of human beings that is found in communities across the world. Singapore is rich in religious diversity due to ethnic mixtures of people who originated from various countries. Various aspects such as religious dialogue are of important concern. Religious dialogue helps in promoting understanding among different religions through increasing acceptance to others. One interesting thing about religious diversity is that sometimes, at the level of concepts, people holding different religious believes do not always agree. Understanding fundamental teachings in all religions is a vital tool in enhancing tolerance. The core beliefs that make the principles of Buddhist philosophy are basically guides to human way of life. This religion teachings are based on what is known as the four noble truth. The nobble truth teaches that lack of satisfactoriness exists and experienced universally. Desires are the causes of lack of satisfactoriness and sufferings. However there is an end of these sufferings which can be obtained by following certain specified principles. The principles include right understanding, right thinking, right speech, right conduct, right acquisition of livelihood, right balance between spiritual path and usual life, right mindfulness and right concentration (Chia, 2009). Furthermore, there are ethical guidelines to followers of Buddhism. The common ones known as five precepts asks the believers to refrain from destroying of living creation, stealing, sexual misconduct, incorrect speech and intoxicants. As believers of Buddhism, we should integrate teachings of nobble truth which are reflective to our living codes, and the ethical codes at our places of work and at home. Daoism combines traditions, beliefs and social practices into a religion. The believers of this religion are guided by three core principles or virtues which are translated to compassion, moderation and humility (Maki, 2016). Human life and the way of dealing with others and with God are guided by these main values. The teachings from Taoism requires us to be like a bamboo; simple, straight and with a vacant center that can be filled. We need to simplify our lives by helping others, being ready to be filled where we are empty and maintain important values. The major guiding belief in Hinduism is that sin, also known as bad karma, leads to suffering in the present and after life. The believers of this religion believe in reincarnation. Soul which is known as Atman, is immortal and that human body should not limit good intentions by giving in to the selfish desires of the body. It teaches that parents, teachers and food are of utmost importance. Parents and teachers are the leaders that guide people about everyday life dealings with others. Food is what we consume in our thoughts and body (Rambachan, 2017). The guiding principles are Dharma, which is the righteous way of living and Vedas, which is the sacred scriptures. Hinduism, from its teaching perspective, is a way of life. As Hindus, we should live upon the earth like the principles of Hindu Dharma teaches. We should use the freedom of life given to us to add value to life of others. This will help us cope up with colleagues at work and our families at home The guiding principles of Islam is a set rules known as sharia. Core elementary virtues of Islam are Supremacy of God (Allah), Love for one another, Prayer, Charity (zakah) and fasting. Muslims believe that you can only claim to love God if you adhere to his teachings in the book of Quran. Loving others is shown by extending a hand in charity to assist those in need. Prayers and fasting will guide Muslims on how to live with others through forgiveness (Elbih, 2015). With regard to the Islamic teachings that actions are judged by motives behind them and that a person is not a believer not unless he has good intentions for his brother, as Muslims we should take control of our lives. Being conscious about other peoples welfare will help us improve relationships at home and at work. Christians have principles or values summarized in a set of ten laws known as Ten Commandments. Christians believe that the Commandments are ultimate laws that were given by God to control humanity and their behavior in dealings with each other and with God Himself. The teachings from the Bible show how human being can please God by loving fellow human beings. The laws command them to show their love for God by acknowledging that there is only one God whom should be worshipped and respected. Respect for father and mother (authority), respect for human life, respect for other peoples and their properties among other teachings are emphasized in the Christian law. Forgiveness is of great importance and according to the bible if you do not forgive fellow human beings, then you also do not deserve forgiveness (McKim, 2016). As Christians, we need to embrace the teachings such as respect to authority and respect to other people and their properties. This will help us improve our social life and that of others at home and at work. Conclusion The major lessons from all the five religions promote living in harmony with others. Forgiveness is a key aspect in all the religions. It is important to embrace religious biodiversity since it promotes tolerance. Religious dialogue should be encouraged since such dialogues help various religious group to interact and discover various aspects that could cause conflict. After all, all these religions acknowledge God as Supreme Being and respect for human life. All religions agree that evil deeds will lead to suffering in the present life and that to come. References Chia, JT 2009, 'Teaching Dharma, Grooming Sangha: The Buddhist College of Singapore', SOJOURN: Journal Of Social Issues In Southeast Asia, 24, 1, pp. 122-138, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 October 2017. Elbih, R 2015, 'Teaching about Islam and Muslims While Countering Cultural Misrepresentations', Social Studies, 106, 3, pp. 112-116, Professional Development Collection, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 October 2017. Maki, WJ 2016, 'Deweys Link with Daoism: Ideals of nature, cultivation practices, and applications in lessons', Educational Philosophy Theory, 48, 2, pp. 150-164, Professional Development Collection, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 October 2017. McKim, DK 2016, 'John Calvin's 'Institutes of the Christian Religion': A Biography', Church History, no. 4, p. 845. Rambachan, A 2017, 'The Coexistence of Violence and Nonviolence in Hinduism', Journal Of Ecumenical Studies, 52, 1, pp. 96-104, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 2 October 2017.

Hunter-gather societies Essay Example

Hunter-gather societies Paper Are there any general features which can be said to characterise hunter-gather societies? To what extent are such societies egalitarian? (2023 words) Abstract This essay will consist of information relevant to answering the title question. So, therefore I will go about explaining the question to the reader in a number of ways; I will first define what a hunter-gather society is and move on from there to explain the general features of these tribes, for a few examples; initiation rights to the different tribes. How tribes hunt, divisions of labour within the tribes and the general features. I will then find through my research if these types of tribes are egalitarian or not. I will also refer to a subject outside this specific module and link Marx and his socialist ideas to explain the other egalitarian side of the essay question. Introduction Hunter-gatherer societies exploit non-domestic and wild food resources. This way of gaining food includes the hunting of large and small game animals, fishing and the collection of various plant foods, food is collected from the immediate environment. The hunter-gatherer catch only as much as they can eat at any one time to avoid problems of storage. Hunter-gatherers typically live as part of a small camp, tribe or band made up of kin. The tribe is generally nomadic and follow the availability of food. It has been found that there is little role specialization, the main division of labour tends to be divided between age and gender, so that the healthy and capable hunt and gather for the old. Typically the men hunt and the women gather. We will write a custom essay sample on Hunter-gather societies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hunter-gather societies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hunter-gather societies specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Today barely 30,000 of the worlds population live by hunting and gathering, thats just 0.003% of the worlds population, and are decreasing in numbers, they represent not only our social origins but also account for a huge diversity of different cultural forms. The hunter-gatherer societies belong within a group of whats known as pre-modern societies. Within the pre-modern societies there are two other forms of how communities live outside of modernity, anthropologists have traditionally categorised non-modern societies according to the ways in which food is produced, they are; Pastoral societies and agrarian societies. The pastoral societies also hunt and gather but also keep a herd of animals, for example cattle, camels, horses. The herds supply the tribes with milk, meat and transport. Unlike hunter-gatherer societies this type of society make it possible to accumulate wealth through the animals that they keep and so therefore tend to be nomadic, But on the other hand, this type of society can lead to inequality and therefore be Non-egalitarian. Such societies can be found in places such as the Middle-East, Africa and Asia. Agrarian societies rely largely upon the cultivation of crops as means of food. This therefore provides a very reliable source of food than just going out to hunt, which in turn can support a much larger population of people living in that certain tribe or a society as a whole. On the contrary to Pastoral societies, Agrarian societies are not nomadic due to the growing and storage of crops but this also is a positive point as it enables people living within this certain society to accumulate personal wealth.

A Review of Sidney Mintzs Sweetness and Power essays

A Review of Sidney Mintzs Sweetness and Power essays This book was definitely an informative and very detailed history of sugar production and consumption, but, most assuredly, it would not even rate in my top 1,000 books to read list. Let me say first though, Mintz did an excellent job of researching the topic for this book. But, he seemed to concentrate most of his points on the British, with only vague mention of the rest of the world. Furthermore, the format he used proved to be a bit confusing throughout most of the book. Finally, this book could have, very easily, conveyed the same point in 50 pages as it did in 214. I realize that the British way of life did have a large impact on the shaping the modern world, but what about the rest of the world? Mintz seems to concentrate most of the book on Britain, with only vague references to the rest of the world. An example being, he refers to the Portuguese and Spanish colonies that provided sugar, but what were their reasons for growing sugar? What were their patterns of consumption? His references about other countries seem, in the most part, to be in reference to the British. For instance, at one point in the book he mentions remarks made by foreigners about the blackened teeth of the British people caused by sugar. It just seems preposterous to think that no other countries in the world would be worth more than a casually reference on this subject. Secondly, the format Mintz used leaves something to be desired. I understand the reason he split the chapters the way he did, but it is within each of the chapters he started to confuse me. On numerous occasions, he skipped around from one era to another. For example, he would be talking about something from the 16th century, then skip to the 18th century, and then back to the 17th century. I can understand that he may want to refer the reader back to something previously stated, but he did this in explaining information for the first time as well. I feel...

The Importance of Processes in Reverse Logistics Essay

The Importance of Processes in Reverse Logistics - Essay Example least cost and highest efficiency). A reverse logistics operation is considerably different from forward logistics. It must establish convenient collection points to receive the used goods from the final customer or remove assets from the supply chain so that more efficient use of inventory / material overall can be achieved. It requires packaging and storage systems that will ensure that most of the value still remaining in the used good is not lost due to careless handling. It often requires the development of a transportation mode that is compatible with existing forward logistic system. Disposition can include returning assets into inventory pools or warehouses for storage, returning goods to the original manufacturer for reimbursement, selling goods on a secondary market, recycling assets, or a combination that will yield maximum value for the assets in question. Reverse logistics, simply put, comprise all activities associated with a product/service after the point of sale, the ultimate goal to optimize or make more efficient aftermarket activity thus saving money. However, easy as it may looks , the processes involved requires a large degree of considerations coupled with careful planning. Speed of retrieval is the primary measure of efficiency and ... Speed of retrieval is the primary measure of efficiency and the choice of the method of transportation is the primary determinant of speed. Unlike in the distribution system where deliveries are made to stationary locations, retrieval would often require door-to-door visits. This is especially a problem in hard to access areas where travel would be tedious and costly. A decision has to be made on what method would be efficient. It may require a combination of measures such as carriers (trucks) for aggregate acquisition and vans/ordinary passenger vehicle for unit acquisition. Now what was stated above is only the acquisition part. There is also the delivery of the warehoused materials to the processing site. Since transportation will now be in terms of aggregate terms, a carrier must be assigned. In all these process, there is the possibility of problems suddenly appearing. In some case, carriers may always experience breakdowns or may get lost from trying to find the retrieval point. This would generally lead to higher costs as maintenance and fuel expenditures become large. Transportation may be outsourced and these would generally necessitate an analysis of current market rates. Again, the efficiency of the carrier should be evaluated as they may prove to be too costly for hiring and ineffective for the planned process. Warehousing A logistician's main problem in warehousing Returned products is how to store them until a decision is made on what to do with them. The returned products will require space - that is a fact that every logistician should realize and the firm can not relegate the storage of returning products to others in a way they can when they are distributing new products. Additional space would mean additional cost of handling to the

Public Health Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public Health Report - Essay Example A meeting held later only informed them of the advantages of the project, but Lopez, and others resisted. The authorities had used Senate Bill 2 of 2007 to designate the location of the homeless shelter as â€Å"by right† hence eliminating pressure from residents and the NIMBYs. Although NIMBY remained in Santa Ana, the targeted warehouse had a capacity of 200 beds. The opposition was mostly due to lack of consultation from the neighbors resulting to undermined civil rights, and distraction from the homeless people including breaking into laundry rooms, leaving needles and feces behind, and taking showers using hosepipes. Despite the validity of these arguments, no supervisor attended. With SB2 in place, the residents of Santa Ana have a tough journey ahead since the council has no authority to stop the shelter in a city-approved zone. In the end, it appears that residents will have to learn how to live with the

Patagonia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Patagonia - Essay Example This movement is known as â€Å"One Percent for the Planet.† Give examples of how Patagonia gives back to society in the form of their day-to-day polices and operations. According to a Youtube video entitled â€Å"Patagonia Social Auditing,† this company has begun to make it a part of their policy to only do business with factories that provide humane treatment for their workers. They also place a great deal of emphasis on the idea of â€Å"social auditing† which is basically where the company consistently keeps itself apprised of the goings on at the places that make and produce their clothing. This is so that the company can provide transparency to its customers and investors who are showing more interest in the welfare of the people in these clothing factories. How has this corporation made its business both profitable and an agent of social change? This corporation has made itself profitable by providing well made clothes that the everyday customer can afford . Patagonia began with the idea of making environmentally safe clothes in the 1980’s which is many years before the green craze took over, so the company was able to develop a strong and consistent reputation.

Malnutrition and Nutrition Programs in Malaysia

Malnutrition and Nutrition Programs in Malaysia Contents (Jump to) CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2: BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN MALAYSIA CHAPTER 3: CURRENT MALNUTRITION INTERVENTION PROGRAMMES-The aims, strategy and evaluation 3.1 Breastfeeding program 3.2 Rehabilitation Program for Malnourished Children 3.3 Other Main Nutrition Intervention Programs CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION To compare with the developed countries CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION CHAPTER 7: REFERRENCE CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION Malnutrition in all its forms is defined as all forms of poor nutrition. It relates to imbalances in energy, and specific macro and micronutrients- as well as in dietary patterns. Conventionally, the emphasis has been in relation to inadequacy, but it also applies to excess intake or inappropriate dietary patterns. It is a wide term commonly used as alternative to under-nutrition but technically it also refers over-nutrition. Child malnutrition was associated with 54% of child death (10.8 million children) in developing countries in 2001, although is it rarely the direct cause of death. Undernutrition is the direct result of inadequate dietary intake, the presence of disease, or the interaction of these two factors. The risk of dying from a disease as twice as high for mildly malnourished children, 5 times as high for those moderately malnourished and 8 times greater for children classified as severe malnourished when compared to normal children (UNICEF 1996). Underlying causes for malnutrition are varied. Infections among children, including helminthiasis can contribute to malnutrition, manifested as anaemia, stunting and/or impaired childhood development. Recurrent sickness and diarrhoea among infants who are not breastfed can result in malnutrition and eventually impact their normal growth and development. Tuberculosis among young people and adults is linked to poor nutrition. On the other hand, dietary patterns are shifting from traditional diets to diets in which predominantly processed foods are consumed. These foods are of limited nutritional quality, in many cases rich in saturated fats, sugar and salt. While the burden of undernutrition among children and chronic energy deficiency (CED) in adults continue to be major nutritional concerns in many parts of Asia, the burden of overweight and obesity is becoming increasingly widespread in the region (Khor 2008). Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal and excessive fat accumulation that present a risk of health. They are associated with non-communicable diseases such as stroke, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and certain form of cancer. Apart from that, recent research showed that undernutrition during early life can later lead to overweight or obesity by prompting energy conservation mechanism in the body that can persist into adulthood. Severe nutritional deprivation in fetal and early post-natal period followed by a rapid catch-up growth in early childhood is now known to increase the risk of overweight and obesity (Florentino 2014). WHO (2008) estimates more than 1.4 billion adults, 20 and older, were overweight which over 200 million men and nearly 300 million women were obese. Overall, more than 10% of the world’s adult population was obese. The global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged five to 19 years is 10% (Kipping et al. 2008). It was also reported that worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschool children increased from 4.2% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010 and the prevalence in Asia is 4.9%, with the number of affected children was about 18 million and this trend is expec ted to reach 9.1%, or 60 million, in 2020 (Onis et al. 2010). CHAPTER 2: BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN MALAYSIA From the period before and after several years of independence, Malaysia was an underdeveloped country with high rate of poverty and hunger. Poverty is closely associated with limited access to healthy food and poor access to health care leading to problems such as undernutrition and other related illnesses. Recent National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) IV has revealed that the prevalence of underweight and wasting for children aged below 18 years is 16.1 and 17.8% respectively and it was reported 6.1% children were obese. Study by Poh et al. (2013) among children 6 months to 12 years showed that the prevalence of overweight (9 ·8 %) and obesity (11 ·8 %) was higher than that of thinness (5 ·4 %) and stunting (8 ·4 %). It would appear that the results of the NHMS 2011 indicated a higher prevalence of undernutrition than that of overnutrition, while Poh et al. (2013) reported the opposite was true. It may be due to different cut-off point as NHMS using CDC (2000) while Poh et al. (2013) using WHO growth chart or could be due to the different sampling protocol. We can conclude that Malaysia still shows higher prevalence of undernutrition and at the same time increasing trend of overweight and obesity. Developing countries including Malaysia are in a state of rapid economic transition as a result of generally improving incomes, increasing industrialization, urbanization and globalization. This has given rise to changing lifestyle and diet from one with high level physical of activity and diets based mostly on plant food, to one with higher level of sedentary lifestyle and diet of increasing energy based such as high carbohydrate, high sugar and high in fat. The excess energy from these foods may affect adult and children within the family differently. For instance, young children may easily use up the excess energy and still be underweight while adults may end up gaining weight. These changes in consumption and physical activity lead to rising prevalence of overweight and obesity especially in adults consequently increasing in NCD. The changes in socio-economic developments over the years in Malaysia have brought an improvement in the overall nutritional status of the country. However, pockets of malnutrition still exist, particularly among the rural areas. Therefore, Malaysia now has to face double burden of malnutrition (DBM) as the new trend emerge in. CHAPTER 3: CURRENT MALNUTRITION INTERVENTION PROGRAMMES-The aims, strategy and evaluation The aim of nutrition program is to plan, implement and develop nutrition services to achieve and maintain the nutritional well-being of the population and promote healthy eating practices. The program aims to monitor and evaluate the nutritional status of Malaysian population and assist in nutritional surveillance. It also to plan, implement and evaluate the nutrition health programs, activities and promotion. Nutrition interventions to improve the nutritional well-being of the Malaysian population have been implemented by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with other ministries. The programs and activities that have been carried out include alleviation of macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, nutrition promotion and improving household food security. 3.1 Breastfeeding program Malaysia has outlined a few strategies in order to combat malnutrition in children and adolescents. It starts from birth of the baby by promoting exclusive breastfeeding up to six months of age as according to National Breastfeeding Policy. The aim is to ensure the baby get the benefits and nutrient from breast milk. Study shows that breastfeeding is protective against infections and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and this effect is stronger when breastfeeding is exclusive (Fern R. Hauck 2011). In 1993, the Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia adopted the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). This initiative aims to increase breastfeeding among all women in Malaysia in line with the WHO recommendation of at least six months of exclusive breastfeeding, to empower women to make right choices on feeding their babies and to create conducive conditions in hospital and thereafter for women who wish to breastfeed. In addition, MOH initiated Baby Friendly Clinic project in 2006 targeting health clinics and rural clinics in Malaysia. It aims to encourage mothers to breastfeed their babies exclusively from birth up to the first six months and continue until two years old. Study by Tan (2011) showed the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers with infants aged between one and six months was 43.1% (95% CI: 39.4, 46.8). Prevalence of timely initiation was 63.7% (CI: 61.4 65.9) and the continued prevalence of breastfeeding up to two years was 37.4% (CI: 32.9 42.2) (Fatimah Jr et al. 2010). The findings suggest that the programmes implemented in the last ten years were effective in improving the prevalence of ever breastfeeding, timely initiation of breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding up to two years 3.2 Rehabilitation Program for Malnourished Children The main macronutrient deficiency problem among Malaysian children is protein and energy malnutrition. This is manifested in children of being underweight for their age. Rehabilitation Program for Malnourished Children, better known as â€Å"Food Basket Program† has been started by Ministry of Health in 1989 as an effort government to increase the health and nutritional status among children under 6 years old (Ministry of Health 2009). In these program children that fulfilled the criteria will be given â€Å"food basket† to help them have a balanced and nutritious diet so that they could have optimum physical and mental growth. The children were also given close attention and appropriate treatment on any sickness, health education and proper health care. The criteria for eligibility are children aged between 6 months to 6 years old who are severe underweight (weight-for-age less than -3SD of the median) or moderate underweight (weight-for-age between -2SD and -3SD) and from hardcore poor families (household income less than RM430 or RM110 per capita for Peninsular Malaysia; less than RM540 or RM115 per capita for Sabah and less than RM520 or RM115 per capita for Sarawak). The objectives of the programme are to improve health and nutritional status through food and micronutrient supplementation, to improve health through provision of sanitary facilities and clean water supply and to improve health through providing education on health and nutrition. They are given foods and multivitamin supplement every month until they are recovered, with the minimum period if six months of supplements. The basic food items include rice, wheat flour, anchovies, cooking oil, dry green bean, biscuits and full cream milk. These food supply approximately 102% to 140% of the child’s Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for calorie and 204% to 222% RDA for protein. There were 13 choices of food basket available to qualified children for an estimated price of RM150 for each basket. The number of recipient for this programme has decreased since it began, from 12,690 children in 1989 to 5157 in 2009 (Ministry of Health 2011). In 2010, under the National Key Results Areas (NKRA), this programme was extended to the poor and vulnerable poor family (household income less than RM2000 a month) through the 1Azam Programme. Meanwhile, in 2012, under the Government Transformation Programme, this programme was also extended to the natives in Perak, Pahang and Kelantan through the Community Feeding Programme (PCF) and the provision of food baskets (PEMANDU 2012). 3.3 Other Main Nutrition Intervention Programs Full cream milk powder is distributed through the Maternal and Child Health Clinics to underweight children aged 6 months to 7 years, pregnant women who have not gained adequate weight, and low income lactating mothers with multiple births. One kg of milk powder for each underweight child is given per month for 3 consecutive months, after which each case is reviewed and supplementation is continued if necessary. The School Supplementary Feeding Program (SSFP) of the Ministry of Education provides a free meal to primary schoolchildren from poor families. Each meal is estimated to provide one-quarter to one-third of the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for energy and protein. The main objective of SSFP is to improve the health and nutritional status of children, especially those from the rural areas, through a provision of a wholesome and balanced meal. Other objectives are to improve health and food habits and to prevent the occurrence of malnutrition among school children, to educate children on food selection, to encourage the participation of parents, teachers and public in the welfare of the school and to strengthen health and nutrition programs in schools. The Ministry of Education also provides milk in 200-mL packages to primary schoolchildren. The School Milk Programme (SMP) runs simultaneously with the Supplementary Food Scheme. The programme is targeted for poor students whose family income is below the poverty level. Besides, to ensure students receive a well-balanced diet in school, the programme is also aimed at increasing the quality of health and nutritional value of food for primary students for better physical growth, mental health and general well-being. The SMP also encourages students to consume milk early in their life. In 2010, this programme has been rebranded to 1Malaysia Milk Programme. CHAPTER 4: DISCUSSION Many developed and developing countries showing reducing trend of undernutrition but increasing trend of overweight and obesity. However, rising in overweight is not necessarily associated with a fall of underweight or stunting. Developed countries mainly facing overnutrition problems and the focus of nutritional programme is to combat overweight and obesity especially among children as it becoming one of the most significant challenges in public health. However, in most developing countries especially in Malaysia, we can still see higher prevalence of underweight and stunting especially among children but with gradual decreasing trend. With the ongoing socio-economic transition in Malaysia, accompanied by the demographic and health transition and changing food supply and consumption patterns, overweight and obesity especially among adult and adolescent has becoming a public health epidemic. Increasing trend of obesity among adult and with high prevalence of underweight among children gives rise to DBM phenomenon and this phenomenon affects many developing countries. The co-existence of under and overnutrition not only occurred within the country as a whole, but also within households. Study by Ihab et al. (2013) among sample in rural area found that the prevalence of overweight mother/underweight child (OWM/UWC) pairs was 29.6%, whereas the prevalence of normal weight mother/normal weight child (NWM/NWC) pairs was 15.2%. A household with an underweight child and an overweight or obese adult is the typical dual burden household for developing countries undergoing rapid transitions. This phenomenon will be a big challenge especially for food intervention programs to be implemented in the future. Undernutrition affects physical and mental health and performance throughout the lifespan, while overnutrition gives rise to an increasing rate of chronic diseases occurring at earlier and earlier ages. Though known interventions exist for undernutrition and overweight/obesity independently, clear, evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of DBM have not yet emerged. Thus, new and innovative strategies will be required to counter the rise of the DBM in Malaysia. Collaboration across sectors, accompanied by an effective coordination mechanism, should join the efforts of those within and outside the nutrition community to address the DBM. Improving country-level capacity to coordinate nutrition actions is critical. Countries with both child stunting and women’s obesity rarely implement comprehensive interventions, and in 2010 only one quarter of countries with the DBM had coordination mechanisms to address both problems (WHO 2013). Current nutrition interventional programmes should be continued and at the same time there is an urgent need to come out with new strategies to tackle both side of malnutrition. Country need to engage and coordinate new stakeholders, combining multi-sectoral and intersectoral approaches, including engaging private sector to address the complexity of issues related to the reduction of DBM. CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION The emergence of DBM is a relatively new phenomenon and is most prevalent in middle income countries including Malaysia. Low income countries and high income countries are less common to have DBM as low income countries tend to have higher prevalence of underweight while high income countries tend to have higher prevalence of overweight. In order to solve the newly emerging nutrition problems in a new context requires continuous and strong effort in health and nutrition promotion. This includes the need to find effective solution for childhood malnutrition with sustainable reduction in stunting, underweight and micronutrients deficiencies, along with measures to identified and control the obesity and overweight problems. CHAPTER 7: REFERRENCES Fatimah Jr, S., S. H. Siti, A. Tahir, I. M. Hussain F. Y. Ahmad 2010. Breastfeeding in Malaysia: Results of the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) 2006. Malaysian journal of nutrition 16(2): 195-206. Fern R. Hauck, J. M. D. T., Kawai o. Tanabe 2011. Breastfeeding and reduced risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: a Meta-analysis Paediatric 128(1): 103-110. Florentino, R. F. 2014. The Double Burden of Malnutrition in Asia: A Phenomenon Not to be Dismissed. Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies 26(2): 133. Ihab, A. N., A. Rohana, W. W. Manan, W. W. Suriati, M. S. Zalilah A. Rusli 2013. The coexistence of dual form of malnutrition in a sample of rural Malaysia. International journal of preventive medicine 4(6): 690. Khor, G. L. 2008. Food-based approaches to combat the double burden among the poor: challenge in the Asian context. Asia Pacific Journal 17: 111-115. Kipping, R. R., R. Jago D. A. Lawlor. 2008. Obesity in children. Part 1: Epidemiology, measurement, risk factors, and screening Ed. 337. Ministry of Health 2009. Garis Panduan Program Pemulihan Kanak-kanak Kekurangan Zat Makanan. Ministry of Health 2011. Semakan Separa Penggal Pelan Tindakan Pemakanan Kebangsaan Malaysia 2006 2015. Onis, M. D., M. Blo ¨ssner E. Borghi 2010. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. The Americal Journal of Clinical Nutrition 92(5): 1257-1264. PEMANDU 2012. Raising Living Standards of Low Income Households. Global Transformation Programme 2.0: 154 156. Poh, B. K., B. K. Ng, M. D. Siti Haslinda, S. Nik Shanita, J. E. Wong, S. B. Budin, A. T. Ruzita, L. O. Ng, I. Khouw A. K. Norimah 2013. Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 6 months to 12 years: findings of the Nutrition Survey of Malaysian Children (SEANUTS Malaysia). British Journal of Nutrition 110(S3): S21-S35. Tan, K. L. 2011. Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months of age in peninsular malaysia. Int Breastfeed J 6(2): 1-7. WHO. 2013. Global nutrition policy review: what does it take to scale up nutrition action?

Loyalty in Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell :: Patrick Spens Bonnie George

Loyalty in Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell Is loyalty really a thing to die for? Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell Sure did think so in the two poems they were a part of The term loyalty means to be faithful and true to anything one is a part of Both Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell exemplify this trait. This trait of loyalty makes these two characters similar in their poems. They are similar in ways such as how they both have to go on missions, both are leaving something behind, and both are skilled at what they do. The situations Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell are involved in, along with the loyalty each exemplifies teach important lessons in the poems. This lesson is the ironic outcome of loyalty. Sir Patrick Spens' and Bonnie George Campbell's similarities in that they both have to go on missions, both are leaving something behind them, and both are skilled at what they do relates to their loyalty and the ironic outcome of this loyalty. Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell decided to go on missions in which they knew there was a good chance they would never come back. This is shown in "Sir Patrick Spens" by what the poem says referring to Sir Patrick Spens' reaction to a letter he receives that tells him that he has to go on this mission. The poem says about his reaction: The first line that Sir Patrick red, A loud lauch launched he, The next line that Sir Patrick red, The teir blined his ee. ( I 1- 16) Although Patrick was very sad about having to go on his mission, he still went to be loyal to his king. -The same situation occurred with Bonnie George Campbell in his poem. It can be inferred by the way he says good bye to his mother and bride that he is sad to leave and that he knows he may never come back. George still goes on his mission because he feels he needs to be loyal to his country when they need him in this time of war. Sir Patrick Spens and Bonnie George Campbell were both leaving something behind to go on their missions so they can be loyal to their king and country Bonnie George Campbell leaves his family behind him to go on this mission as shown by these lines: